| 术语 | default reasoning |
| 释义 | default reasoning 默认推理 Although deductive reasoning from statements that are universally true means that we are certain about all the conclusions that are drawn, it does not provide a knowledge representation scheme that is very useful for representing much knowledge we have about the world. For example, as a general rule, “if something is a bird, then it can fly" is true,but it is not universally true for there are some obvious exceptions; e.g. emus, penguins, birds with broken wings, etc. In order to represent such information, it has been suggested that we express general rules as universal rules but adapt our reasoning procedures. These procedures would now look first for scientific exceptions and only if no exceptions were found would they apply a rule. Because rules are only applied in the absence of any specific instances. Such a reasoning strategy is called “default reasoning”, also used to describe reasoning with a closed world assumption; i.e. facts not stated in the description of a state are assumed to be false. 虽然从永真陈述式的演绎推理意味着我们确信所有推得的结论。但它并未提供对表示我 们所具有的关于世界的许多知识极其有用的知识表示模式。例如,作为一般规则,“若某物为 鸟,则它可以飞"为真,但这个陈述不是普通为真的。因有明显例外,如食火鸡、企鹅,断了翅 膀的鸟等。为了表示这样的信息,有人建议我们把一般规律表达为只是适应于我们推理过程 的普适规则。现在,这些过程先找规定的例外,只有当找不到例外时才应用该规则。因为规则 只在没有规定子例时才应用,故这种推理策略称为“默认推理"。这个词也用来描述采用一封 闭世界假设的推理,即没有在一个状态描述中予以说明的事实都假定为伪。 |
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