Linux环境安装SQL?Server数据库以及使用方法详解
目录
- 一、环境
- 二、安装 SQL Server
- 三、安装 SQL Server 命令行工具
- 四、本地连接
- 五、创建和查询数据
- 5.1、新建数据库
- 5.2、插入数据
- 5.3、查询数据
- 5.4、退出 sqlcmd 命令提示符
- 总结
一、环境
- 虚拟机：VMware Workstation。
- 系统：Ubuntu 20.04。
- 文件系统：XFS 或 EXT4。
- 内存：至少具有 2 GB 内存。
- 磁盘空间：6 GB以上。
- 处理器速度：2 GHz。
- 处理器核心数：2 个核心。
- 处理器类型：仅兼容 x64。
- 安装SQL Server版本：2019。
如果以前安装了 SQL Server 的社区技术预览版 (CTP) 或候选发布 (RC) 版本，则必须先删除旧存储库。
二、安装 SQL Server
（1）导入公共存储库 GPG 密钥：
wget -qO- https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | sudo tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/microsoft.asc
输出：
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: GnuPG v1.4.7 (GNU/Linux) mQENBFYxWIwBCADAKoZhZlJxGNGWzqV+1OG1xiQeoowKhssGAKvd+buXCGISZJwT LXZqIcIiLP7pqdcZWtE9bSc7yBY2MalDp9Liu0KekywQ6VVX1T72NPf5Ev6x6DLV 7aVWsCzUAF+eb7DC9fPuFLEdxmOEYoPjzrQ7cCnSV4JQxAqhU4T6OjbvRazGl3ag OeizPXmRljMtUUttHQZnRhtlzkmwIrUivbfFPD+fEoHJ1+uIdfOzZX8/oKHKLe2j H632kvsNzJFlROVvGLYAk2WRcLu+RjjggixhwiB+Mu/A8Tf4V6b+YppS44q8EvVr M+QvY7LNSOffSO6Slsy9oisGTdfE39nC7pVRABEBAAG0N01pY3Jvc29mdCAoUmVs ZWFzZSBzaWduaW5nKSA8Z3Bnc2VjdXJpdHlAbWljcm9zb2Z0LmNvbT6JATUEEwEC AB8FAlYxWIwCGwMGCwkIBwMCBBUCCAMDFgIBAh4BAheAAAoJEOs+lK2+EinPGpsH /32vKy29Hg51H9dfFJMx0/a/F+5vKeCeVqimvyTM04C+XENNuSbYZ3eRPHGHFLqe MNGxsfb7C7ZxEeW7J/vSzRgHxm7ZvESisUYRFq2sgkJ+HFERNrqfci45bdhmrUsy 7SWw9ybxdFOkuQoyKD3tBmiGfONQMlBaOMWdAsic965rvJsd5zYaZZFI1UwTkFXV KJt3bp3Ngn1vEYXwijGTa+FXz6GLHueJwF0I7ug34DgUkAFvAs8Hacr2DRYxL5RJ XdNgj4Jd2/g6T9InmWT0hASljur+dJnzNiNCkbn9KbX7J/qK1IbR8y560yRmFsU+ NdCFTW7wY0Fb1fWJ+/KTsC4= =J6gs -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
（2）注册 SQL Server Ubuntu 存储库：
sudo add-apt-repository "$(wget -qO- https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/20.04/mssql-server-2019.list)"
输出：
Hit:1 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal InRelease Get:2 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease [114 kB] Get:3 https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/apt kubernetes-xenial InRelease [8,993 B] Get:4 https://packages.microsoft.com/ubuntu/20.04/mssql-server-2019 focal InRelease [3,057 B] Get:5 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease [108 kB] Get:6 https://packages.microsoft.com/ubuntu/20.04/mssql-server-2019 focal/main all Packages [717 B] Get:7 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-security InRelease [114 kB] Get:8 https://packages.microsoft.com/ubuntu/20.04/mssql-server-2019 focal/main amd64 Packages [8,083 B] Get:9 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 Packages [2,463 kB] Get:10 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-updates/main Translation-en [420 kB] Get:11 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 c-n-f Metadata [16.4 kB] Get:12 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-updates/restricted amd64 Packages [1,713 kB] Get:13 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-updates/restricted Translation-en [242 kB] Get:14 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-updates/restricted amd64 c-n-f Metadata [620 B] Get:15 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 Packages [1,045 kB] Get:16 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-updates/universe Translation-en [246 kB] Get:17 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 c-n-f Metadata [24.1 kB] Get:18 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-security/main amd64 Packages [2,082 kB] Get:19 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-security/main Translation-en [338 kB] Get:20 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-security/main amd64 c-n-f Metadata [12.5 kB] Get:21 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-security/restricted amd64 Packages [1,605 kB] Get:22 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-security/restricted Translation-en [227 kB] Get:23 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-security/restricted amd64 c-n-f Metadata [620 B] Get:24 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-security/universe amd64 Packages [820 kB] Get:25 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-security/universe Translation-en [164 kB] Get:26 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu focal-security/universe amd64 c-n-f Metadata [17.5 kB] Fetched 11.8 MB in 1min 1s (193 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done
（3）运行以下命令以安装 SQL Server：
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install -y mssql-server
输出：
Fetched 269 MB in 1min 33s (2,903 kB/s) Preconfiguring packages ... Selecting previously unselected package libdw1:amd64. (Reading database ... 72772 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../00-libdw1_0.176-1.1build1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libdw1:amd64 (0.176-1.1build1) ... Selecting previously unselected package libbabeltrace1:amd64. Preparing to unpack .../01-libbabeltrace1_1.5.8-1build1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libbabeltrace1:amd64 (1.5.8-1build1) ... Selecting previously unselected package gdb. Preparing to unpack .../02-gdb_9.2-0ubuntu1~20.04.1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking gdb (9.2-0ubuntu1~20.04.1) ... Selecting previously unselected package gdbserver. Preparing to unpack .../03-gdbserver_9.2-0ubuntu1~20.04.1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking gdbserver (9.2-0ubuntu1~20.04.1) ... Selecting previously unselected package libatomic1:amd64. Preparing to unpack .../04-libatomic1_10.3.0-1ubuntu1~20.04_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libatomic1:amd64 (10.3.0-1ubuntu1~20.04) ... Selecting previously unselected package libc++abi1-10:amd64. Preparing to unpack .../05-libc++abi1-10_1%3a10.0.0-4ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libc++abi1-10:amd64 (1:10.0.0-4ubuntu1) ... Selecting previously unselected package libc++1-10:amd64. Preparing to unpack .../06-libc++1-10_1%3a10.0.0-4ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libc++1-10:amd64 (1:10.0.0-4ubuntu1) ... Selecting previously unselected package libcc1-0:amd64. Preparing to unpack .../07-libcc1-0_10.3.0-1ubuntu1~20.04_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libcc1-0:amd64 (10.3.0-1ubuntu1~20.04) ... Selecting previously unselected package libsasl2-modules-gssapi-mit:amd64. Preparing to unpack .../08-libsasl2-modules-gssapi-mit_2.1.27+dfsg-2ubuntu0.1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libsasl2-modules-gssapi-mit:amd64 (2.1.27+dfsg-2ubuntu0.1) ... Selecting previously unselected package libc++1:amd64. Preparing to unpack .../09-libc++1_1%3a10.0-50~exp1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libc++1:amd64 (1:10.0-50~exp1) ... Selecting previously unselected package libc6-dbg:amd64. Preparing to unpack .../10-libc6-dbg_2.31-0ubuntu9.9_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libc6-dbg:amd64 (2.31-0ubuntu9.9) ... Selecting previously unselected package libsss-nss-idmap0. Preparing to unpack .../11-libsss-nss-idmap0_2.2.3-3ubuntu0.10_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libsss-nss-idmap0 (2.2.3-3ubuntu0.10) ... Selecting previously unselected package mssql-server. Preparing to unpack .../12-mssql-server_15.0.4298.1-1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking mssql-server (15.0.4298.1-1) ... Setting up libdw1:amd64 (0.176-1.1build1) ... Setting up libc6-dbg:amd64 (2.31-0ubuntu9.9) ... Setting up libatomic1:amd64 (10.3.0-1ubuntu1~20.04) ... Setting up libbabeltrace1:amd64 (1.5.8-1build1) ... Setting up libc++abi1-10:amd64 (1:10.0.0-4ubuntu1) ... Setting up gdbserver (9.2-0ubuntu1~20.04.1) ... Setting up libsss-nss-idmap0 (2.2.3-3ubuntu0.10) ... Setting up libsasl2-modules-gssapi-mit:amd64 (2.1.27+dfsg-2ubuntu0.1) ... Setting up libcc1-0:amd64 (10.3.0-1ubuntu1~20.04) ... Setting up libc++1-10:amd64 (1:10.0.0-4ubuntu1) ... Setting up gdb (9.2-0ubuntu1~20.04.1) ... Setting up libc++1:amd64 (1:10.0-50~exp1) ... Setting up mssql-server (15.0.4298.1-1) ... +--------------------------------------------------------------+ Please run 'sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf setup' to complete the setup of Microsoft SQL Server +--------------------------------------------------------------+ Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.9) ...
（4）包安装完成后，运行 mssql-conf setup，按照提示设置 SA 密码并选择版本。SQL Server 免费提供许可的版本：
- Evaluation 版。
- Developer 版。
- Express 版。
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf setup
请记住为 SA 帐户指定强密码。 需要最小长度为 8 个字符，包括大写和小写字母、十进制数字和/或非字母数字符号。
设置过程：
Choose an edition of SQL Server: 1) Evaluation (free, no production use rights, 180-day limit) 2) Developer (free, no production use rights) 3) Express (free) 4) Web (PAID) 5) Standard (PAID) 6) Enterprise (PAID) - CPU Core utilization restricted to 20 physical/40 hyperthreaded 7) Enterprise Core (PAID) - CPU Core utilization up to Operating System Maximum 8) I bought a license through a retail sales channel and have a product key to enter. Details about editions can be found at https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=2109348&clcid=0x409 Use of PAID editions of this software requires separate licensing through a Microsoft Volume Licensing program. By choosing a PAID edition, you are verifying that you have the appropriate number of licenses in place to install and run this software. Enter your edition(1-8): 3 The license terms for this product can be found in /usr/share/doc/mssql-server or downloaded from: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=2104294&clcid=0x409 The privacy statement can be viewed at: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=853010&clcid=0x409 Do you accept the license terms? [Yes/No]:yes Enter the SQL Server system administrator password: Confirm the SQL Server system administrator password: Configuring SQL Server... The licensing PID was successfully processed. The new edition is [Express Edition]. ForceFlush is enabled for this instance. ForceFlush feature is enabled for log durability. Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mssql-server.service → /lib/systemd/system/mssql-server.service. Setup has completed successfully. SQL Server is now starting.
- SQL Server的版本选择：Express (free)。
- Do you accept the license terms? [Yes/No]:yes。
- SQL Server密码：Fly123456。
（5）完成配置后，验证服务是否正在运行：
systemctl status mssql-server --no-pager
输出：
● mssql-server.service - Microsoft SQL Server Database Engine
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mssql-server.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2023-03-30 03:08:42 UTC; 2min 19s ago
Docs: /uploads/202404/24/sql-server-linux-overview5634
Main PID: 54788 (sqlservr)
Tasks: 121
Memory: 796.3M
CGroup: /system.slice/mssql-server.service
├─54788 /opt/mssql/bin/sqlservr
└─55080 /opt/mssql/bin/sqlservr
三、安装 SQL Server 命令行工具
若要创建数据库，则需要使用可在 SQL Server 上运行 Transact-SQL 语句的工具进行连接。
（1）安装 curl：
sudo apt-get update sudo apt install curl
（2）导入公共存储库 GPG 密钥。
curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | sudo tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/microsoft.asc
输出：
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 983 100 983 0 0 2482 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 2482
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: GnuPG v1.4.7 (GNU/Linux)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=J6gs
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
（3）注册 Ubuntu 存储库。
curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/20.04/prod.list | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/msprod.list
（4）更新源列表，并使用 unixODBC 开发人员包运行安装命令。
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install mssql-tools unixodbc-dev
通过运行以下命令将 mssql-tools 更新至最新版本：
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install mssql-tools
（5）将 /opt/mssql-tools/bin/ 添加到 PATH环境变量，以便可从 bash shell 访问 sqlcmd 或 bcp。
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >> ~/.bash_profile
或者
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >> ~/.bashrc source ~/.bashrc
四、本地连接
使用 SQL Server 名称 (-S)、用户名 (-U) 和密码 (-P) 的相应参数运行 sqlcmd。 用户进行本地连接，服务器名称为 localhost。 用户名为 sa，密码是在安装过程中为 SA 帐户提供的密码。
sqlcmd -S localhost -U sa -P '<YourPassword>'
可以在命令行上省略密码，以收到密码输入提示。
如果以后决定进行远程连接，请为 -S 参数指定计算机名称或 IP 地址，并确保防火墙上的端口 1433 已打开。
（1）如果成功，应会显示 sqlcmd 命令提示符：
1>
（2）如果连接失败，先尝试诊断错误消息中所述的问题。 然后查看连接故障排除建议。
五、创建和查询数据
5.1、新建数据库
（1）在 sqlcmd 命令提示符中创建一个名为 TestDB 的新数据库。
CREATE DATABASE TestDB;
（2）查询以返回服务器上所有数据库的名称：
SELECT Name from sys.databases;
（3）前两个命令没有立即执行。 必须在新行中键入 GO 才能执行以前的命令：
GO
输出：
Name -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- master tempdb model msdb testDB (5 rows affected)
5.2、插入数据
（1）将上下文切换到新的 testDB 数据库：
USE testDB;
（2）创建名为 dbo.Inventory 的新表：
CREATE TABLE dbo.Inventory ( id INT, name NVARCHAR(50), quantity INT);
（3）将数据插入新表：
INSERT INTO dbo.Inventory VALUES (1, 'banana', 150); INSERT INTO dbo.Inventory VALUES (2, 'orange', 154);
（4）要执行上述命令的类型 GO：
GO
5.3、查询数据
（1）返回 dbo.Inventory 表中数量大于 152 的行：
SELECT * FROM dbo.Inventory WHERE quantity > 152;
（2）执行go命令：
GO
输出：
id name quantity
----------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------
2 orange 154
(1 rows affected)
5.4、退出 sqlcmd 命令提示符
要结束 sqlcmd 会话，请键入 QUIT：
QUIT
注意，没有分号。
总结
如果有一台可以连接到 Linux 计算机的 Windows 计算机，请从运行 sqlcmd 的 Windows 命令提示符尝试执行本主题中的相同步骤。 必须使用目标 Linux 计算机名称或 IP 地址，而不是 localhost，并确保 TCP 端口 1433 已在 SQL Server 计算机上打开。 如果从 Windows 进行连接存在任何问题，请参阅连接故障排除建议。
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